Section I : Language Development
Chapter:17 War and Peace
Working with words
A. What do the underlined words in the following sentences
mean? Tick the best answer.
a. clamour : a loud and
confused noise
b. precariously : not securely
c. scrutiny : examination
d. absconded : hid somewhere secretly
e. anglicized : characteristics of English
f. platitudes : doubtful remarks
B. Many words have been borrowed in English from different
languages.
Find the meaning of the following words which are borrowed from Hindi language.
Veranda : a roofed platform along the
outside of a house, level with the ground floor.
Khaki : A strong cloth of wool or cotton,
often used for military or other uniforms.
Pashmina : a shawl made from fine-quality
goat’s wool.
Pajamas : loose-fitting jacket and trousers
for sleeping in.
Pukka : genuine, excellent
Pundit : an expert in a particular subject
or field who is frequently called upon to give their opinions to the public.
Avatar : the incarnation of a deity,
particularly Vishnu.
Bangle : A rigid bracelet or anklet,
especially one with no clasp.
Cheetah : a large slender spotted cat found
in Africa and parts of Asia.
Guru : A Hindu or Sikh spiritual
teacher.
Jungle : an area of land overgrown with
dense forest and tangled vegetation, typically in the tropics.
Karma : good or bad luck, viewed as
resulting from one’s actions.
Nirvana : Complete cessation of suffering;
a blissful state attained through realization of sunyata; enlightened
experience.
Shampoo : an ideal or idyllic state or
place.
Raita : an Indian side dish of yogurt
containing chopped cucumber or other vegetables, and spices.
C. Add the given suffixes to the following words to make
new words. Notice whether ‘e’ is retained or dropped.
a. change + -able / -ing / -ed / – less
changeable, changing, changed, changeless
b. time + -ly / -ing / -ed / -less
timely, timing, timed, timeless
c. notice + -able / -ing / -ed
noticable, noticing, noticed
d. praise + -worthy / -ing / -ed
praiseworthy, praising, praised
e. home + -less / -ing / -ly
homeless, homing, homely
Comprehension
Answer the following questions.
a. Why did Iqbal want to sleep in the afternoon?
Iqbal wanted to sleep in
the afternoon because he had spent the night sitting on his bedroll in a
crowded third-class compartment of the train.
b. How did people react with each other in the train?
People reacted in a very
loud way with each other in the train.
c. Why did the book Iqbal was reading bring commotion in
the compartment?
The book Iqbal was
reading brought commotion in the compartment because the book was an English
book and the people thought that reading the book in the English language as
wise, praiseworthy and prestigious.
d. Why did Iqbal have to give clarification with his
personal details?
Iqbal had to give
clarification with his personal details about his background because the
travelers in the train thought him as an intellectual and wise person and
therefore, they insisted him to reveal his personal details.
e. Who was Meet Singh and what did he report to Iqbal?
Meet Singh was a priest
of Gurudwara and he reported to Iqbal about the murder of a fellow villager
perhaps by a village’s dacoit named Jugga.
f. How according to Meet Singh, was Jugga Sing different
from his forefathers?
According to Meet Singh,
Jugga Singh was different from his forefathers in the sense that his
forefathers were also dacoits like him in the past. They never looted or harm
their own village or its people. They used to keep the villagers safe from
dacoits. But Jugga robbed the people of his own village and even killed the
people of his villager. He killed one of the people of his village.
g. How does the author show contradiction in Meet Singh’s
character?
The author shows
contradiction in Meet Singh’s character by saying that Meet Singh was not
bothered by Jugga’s act of murdering fellow villager and as a priest of
Gurudwara, he even wanted to swear on the holy Granth to defend Jugga from the
crime of murder.
h. Who was Hukum Chand and how did he succeed in his
career?
Hukum Chand was the
Deputy Shahib, also known as Nar Adami. He succeeded in his career by pleasing
his Shaibs and getting promotions one after.
Critical Thinking
a. Iqbal is addressed as Babu Sahib by general folk simply
because he knew English. Are Nepali people who can speak English taken with
respect? Discuss the importance of learning English in the Nepali context.
Yes, Nepali people who
can speak English are taken with respect. In Nepal, English is treated as a
language of elite class. Most of the Nepalese think that English is closely
associated with class and social status of a person. If you are fluent in
English you’ll be perceived as a very respectable person who has achieved great
things in life. It’s almost same as visiting a store wearing classy clothes and
getting all the attention from the salespeople there. If you visit the same
store with normal clothes, you are bound to get less attention. People often
judge a book by its cover. For Nepalese, if the cover is in English they’ll
directly buy the book, not just judge it.
b. Do you agree with Iqbal’s comments on crime and
punishment? In your view, what should the state, society and individuals do for
peace and order in social lives?
Yes, I agree with Iqbal
comments on crime and punishment. To cultivate and maintain a culture of peace,
state, society and individuals ought to work together.
Peace begins with the individual. We must
realize that, as individuals, we are not powerless and that the power of one
can make a difference. As individuals we must accept the responsibility to end
the scourge of war and culminate a culture of peace. We must realize that peace
is more than the absence of war. War is a drain on both human and financial
resources and as history proves, is not an effective means of resolving
conflict. Peace involves a process of individual and communal participation. It
requires justice, equal rights and equal opportunities.
Next, society plays a very important role in
maintaining peace and order in social lives. In society, every family has to be
united to make their society a fine and secure place to live in. There should
be a formation of a special team in society who takes care of peace and order
in society. This team has to perform its duty for peace and order management
and determine the punishment to the criminals.
The state also plays a very important and
responsible role in maintaining peace and order in social lives. The state has
to implement various rules and regulations for the sake of peace and order in
social lives. It should focus attention on the security of social lives by
minimizing the crime and violence from the state. The state must have strict
rules against crime and criminals. It should have the proper management of
punishment to the criminals too.
These are the things the state, society and
individuals should do for peace and order in social lives.
Writing
A. Meet Singh says Jugga a badmash. There can be such
people in your locality, too. Write a paragraph describing him / her.
I met a guy during my
school days, initially he was so good to me. Later he turned out to be the most
dishonest guy I have ever met. I used to share all tiny and big secrets of mine
with him as we had become good friends in no time. As time passed, I found out
that he was not worth that. He used to reveal all those things of mine with his
stupid friends and misinterpret me. When I got to know that, I was completely
broken and frustrated. But being strong, I forgave him, who didn’t even
sincerely apologize. I believe in — forget, forgive and move on and that is how
we should deal with such people. But don’t forget the lesson you learn from
them.
B. You may have travelled by bus or train. During your
travel, you might have got different experiences. Write a letter to your friend
describing about your unforgettable journey.
Date: 2078-10-13
Pokhara-7, Kaski
Dear Pratik,
Hope this letter of mine finds you in the best
of health and spirit. My heart fills with joy to share with you about one of my
experience of travelling in bus to my hometown Sankhuwasabha. I traveled in
Manakamana Yatayat numbered Nine Hundred and Ten boarded at 05:30 AM on
10/10/2078 and reached the destination at 06:30 PM on the same day.
The journey throughout was amazing and
relaxing. The view from the windowpane while it feels like trees running far
from us looks so relaxing and calming. Waterfalls going by our side, fresh air
coming through the window also adds excitement to the journey. The ticket price
was not much expensive and was reasonable. Meals expenses were included in the
ticket pricing. I got the corner seat. People traveling along with me were so
friendly that we played cards/ ludo/ chess while traveling and the time passed
very easily.
I believe this is some experience everyone
should have at least once in the whole lifetime. The time spent on the bus that
day was very comforting and enjoyable. I will surely be making another trip
plan in the coming days and will be asking you to join me. Till then, take
care.
Much love,
Aayusha Sharma
Grammar
C. Fill in the gaps with the suitable form of the verb in
the brackets. Use past simple/past continuous/past perfect tenses. You may need
to use negative too.
It was Sunday afternoon. I was watching (watch) a cookery programme on TV when I realised (realise) how hungry I was. But of course, I was
hungry; I hadn’t eaten (eat) anything since lunch, and
I had run (run) a race in the morning.
“Biscuits!” I thought (think). My mother had
given (give) me a jar of
delicious home-made biscuits.
I went (go)
into the kitchen, opened (open) the fridge and poured (pour)
some milk in a big glass. Then I looked (look) for the kitchen chair but
it wasn’t (be) there: somebody had
taken (take) it away. And
there were no biscuits in the biscuit jar: somebody had eaten (eat) them all! I was sure I had put (put)
the jar there the previous day and I had
eaten (eat) only one
cookie. It was very strange.
A few minutes later, I was drinking (drink) my glass of milk when I heard (hear)
a loud noise coming from the dining room. I went (go)
there quickly and I opened (open) the door. I couldn’t
believe my eyes. An enormous monkey was
eating (eat) the biscuits
excitedly on the kitchen chair.
D. Rewrite the following sentences correcting the mistakes.
a. She played the flute and then she had sung in their
choir.
She had played the flute
and then she had sung in their choir.
b. I borrowed Rima’s car. Had you known about it?
I had borrowed Rima’s car.
Had you known about it?
c. After the lesson had finished, we run out of school.
After the lesson had
finished, we ran out of school.
d. Had you be there? – Yes, the previous year.
Had you been there? -Yes,
the previous year.
e. Did you liked my article published in the Himalayan
Times yesterday?
Did you like my article
published in the Himalayan Times yesterday?
f. I recognized him because I saw him before.
I recognized him because
I had seen him before.
g. I hadn’t gone out because I hadn’t finished my
homework.
I didn’t go out because I
hadn’t finished my homework.
h. We had done nothing like this at that time.
We did nothing like this
at that time.
i. It was quite difficult. I had had no idea what to do.
It had been quite
difficult. I had no idea what to do.
j. As far as I’d known, she had always had some pets.
As far as I knew, she had
always had some pets.
k. When I met Jim, he was already a soldier for three
years.
When I met Jim, he had
already been a soldier for three years.
l. He had gone to the coffee because somebody had told
him.
He went to the the coffee because somebody had told him.
